Cleveland House

Cleveland House, near the Palace of St. James.

[Cleveland House. Out of St. James's Street] A Passage to Cleaveland Court, formerly one large House, and called Berkshire House; which being purchased by the Dutchess of Cleveland, took her Name; now severed into several Houses, the chief of which is now inhabited by the Earl of Nottingham.

Berkshire House, St. James's, the town-house of the Howards, Earls of Berkshire, built circ. 1630, and purchased and presented by Charles II. to Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, and Duchess of Cleveland. In 1664–1665 it was fitted up by the Surveyor of the Works for the reception of the French Ambassador. Lord Clarendon lived in it for a short time after the Great Fire; Lord Craven in 1667; the Earl of Castlemaine in 1668; and the Countess of Castlemaine (alone) in 1669. Its subsequent fate will be found under Cleveland House, a name it received when it became the residence of the Duchess of Cleveland.

November 19, 1666.—To Barkeshire House, where my Lord Chancellor [Clarendon] hath been ever since the Fire—Pepys.

November 20, 1666.—By coach to Barkeshire House, and there did get a very great meeting; the Duke of York being there, and much business done; though not in proportion to the greatness of the business; and my Lord Chancellor sleeping and snoring the greater part of the time.—Pepys.

May 8, 1668.—He [Lord Crewe] tells me that there are great disputes like to be at Court, between the factions of the two women, my Lady Castlemaine and Mrs. Stewart, who is now well again, the King having made several public visits to her, and like to come to Court; the other [Lady Castlemaine] is to go to Berkshire House, which is taken for her, and they say a Privy Seal is passed for £5000 for it.—Pepys.

...

Cleveland House, St. James's.

Formerly one large House, and called Berkshire House; which, being purchased by the Duchess of Cleveland [Charles II.'s mistress], took her name; now severed into several houses, the chief of which is now inhabited by the Earl of Nottingham.—Strype, B. vi. p. 78.

The Earl of Nottingham was living here in 1691; and here Bentley addresses a letter to his chaplain, the learned W. Wotton.²

December 4, 1679.—I dined, together with Lord Ossorie and the Earl of Chesterfield, at the Portugal Ambassadors, now newly come to Cleaveland House, a noble palace too good for that infamous. ... —Evelyn.

The name survives in Cleveland Court and Cleveland Row.³ The house was first bought by the Duke of Bridgewater, on the death of Charles Fitzroy, Duke of Cleveland and Southampton, in 1730, altered and refaced, and called Bridgewater House.

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² Bentley's Correspondence, vol. ii. p. 739.
³ There is a view of the house, by J.T. Smith, dated 1795.

Berkshire House

Demolished

Berkshire House stood opposite St. James's Palace on the north side of the old highway leading from Charing Cross to Hyde Park, on part of the site now occupied by Bridgwater House. Very little information about it has come to light, and the history of the site (H on fig. 81), the freehold of which has been privately owned since at least 1668, is especially puzzling. The absence of any record of the site being granted away by the Crown since the formation of the Bailiwick of St. James suggests that it was never part of the bailiwick, but its origin nevertheless remains obscure.

Berkshire House was built about 1626–7 [26] for Thomas Howard, the second son of the Earl of Suffolk. He entered the royal service as Master of the Horse to Charles I when the latter was Prince of Wales. In January 1621/2 he was created Lord Howard of Charlton and Viscount Andover and in February 1625/6 he received the Earldom of Berkshire. [27]

In March 1625/6 the Earl was granted a lease of a strip of land (part of the Pulteney estate) on the west side of Berkshire House, [28] the building of which therefore probably dates from about this time. The strip of land was used with part of the gardens behind the house (C on fig. 81). A grotto, mount and summerhouse were erected at the northern end of the slip, and at the south end kitchens and stables were built. [29]

Berkshire House is marked on Faithorne and Newcourt's map, published in 1658 (Plate 1) but it is difficult to distinguish it from the other buildings facing St. James's Palace which are known to have stood on its east and west sides at that time. The knot garden behind the house is also shown, surrounded by a wall, with the summerhouse in the north-west corner; the garden did not extend as far east as the map suggests, being separated from St. James's Street by part of the Pulteney estate (see fig. 81).

The Earl of Berkshire declared for the King on the outbreak of the Civil War and distinguished himself in the fighting that followed. [30] His house was commandeered by the parliamentary army for quartering soldiers and 'tho' the officers had shown some care, much prejudice had been done to the house'. [31]

In 1654 Berkshire House was occupied by the Portuguese ambassador who dated a letter from here on 22 April. [32] This is the first recorded use of the house by foreign ambassadors—a use which was to recur several times later in the century. Between 1658 and 1664 the Earl of Berkshire's name re-appears in the ratebooks, but in 1665 the house was taken over for the accommodation of the French ambassador.

The accounts of the repairs and alterations carried out by the Office of Works in preparation for the ambassador provide the only pointer to the appearance of the house. They mention a 'vollery', a vineyard, a laundry, stables with rooms over them, and a kitchen next the courtyard. The number of rooms in the house may be judged from the fact that forty-five chimneys had to be swept. Repairs included whitening the walls of the hall, the walls and ceiling of the great staircase, the 'freeze and Cornish' in the great dining-room, and the blackening of the 'bottoms' of several rooms above and below stairs. The hall was paved with stone and there was a gallery in which a new altar was set up. The great gates to the forecourt were repaired with 'bourds and battens' and distempered with 'timber Colour'. At the same time a new water supply was laid on from the main pipe which brought water to St. James's Palace from St. James's Field. [33]

During the autumn of 1666 the house was occupied by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and Lord Chancellor. [34] The building of his magnificent house in Piccadilly had begun earlier in the year and he probably only used Berkshire House as a temporary home.

By 1667 the Earl of Berkshire had mortgaged Berkshire House to the Earl of Craven [25] and in the following year he petitioned the King for a grant of £3000 in order to redeem the mortgage. [35] The money was promised, in return for his many services, but he died in 1669 < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27] without having received it, [36] and the ownership passed from his family. The name of the house was changed shortly afterwards to Cleveland House (see below), but although it acquired a new name and was much altered in its external appearance (Plate 233a) the carcase of the original building appears to have survived until 1840 or 1841, when it was demolished to make way for Bridgwater House.

Cleveland House and Garden

Demolished

Berkshire House is reported to have been bought in 1668 by Charles II for his mistress Barbara Villiers, then Countess of Castlemaine and later Duchess of Cleveland. The house had probably been unoccupied since the Earl of Clarendon's flight to France in November 1667. He and Lady Castlemaine had been avowed enemies; she had had a share in bringing about his downfall, [37] and had publicly 'hoped to see his head upon a stake'. [38] Her acquisition of the house in which he had recently lived may have been for her a petty triumph over her ruined opponent.

In May 1668 William, Earl of Craven, Lord Berkshire's mortgagee, and Sir Anthony Craven sold the house for £6000 to George Villiers, Viscount Grandison, and Sir Alien Apsley. [39] Grandison was Lady Castlemaine's uncle, < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27] and Apsley was treasurer of the household to the Duke of York; they were probably acting on behalf of the Countess.

Barbara Villiers (1641–1709) was the daughter of William, Viscount Grandison. She married Roger Palmer in 1659 and shortly afterwards became the mistress of Charles II. On her husband's elevation to the peerage she became Countess of Castlemaine, [40] and she was created Duchess of Cleveland in 1670. She appears to have been the least discreet and most predatory of all Charles's mistresses and although the acquisition of Berkshire House and her removal from her lodgings in Whitehall [41] marked the decline of her prime position in the King's court, she continued thereafter to reap benefits from their past association. [42]

By 1668 Berkshire House, which had been standing for about forty years, was probably considered old-fashioned and inconvenient, and the amount of land at her disposal was not sufficient for Lady Castlemaine's schemes for enlargement and improvement. In 1668 Sir William Pulteney had been required to surrender part of his estate to the Crown for the formation of the Green Park, and the Countess persuaded the King that parts which adjoined Berkshire House, and which were not needed for the formation of the new park, should not be returned to Sir William, but given to her. At some time between 1668 and 1670 [43] the Countess's trustees purchased the leases then in being, from Pulteney and his under-tenants, of the house and land formerly occupied by John Ogle and then by William Smith; the strip adjoining Berkshire House (which had been let by Sir William Pulteney's ancestor to the Earl of Berkshire and acquired by the Countess's trustees at the time of the purchase of the house); a grass plot on the east side of the house; and the tenement in St. James's Street called the Antelope which adjoined Berkshire House garden at its northern end. In addition the Countess acquired a piece of the old highway adjoining the Stable Yard of St. James's Palace and a piece of waste ground (part of Sandpit Field) outside the north-west corner of her garden. The last two, said the Surveyor General in a report of 1680, 'I take to be in her grace's possession without any grant thereof yet made by his Mat^y.' [44] The disposition of these six pieces of ground is marked on fig. 81 (A, C, F, G, I, L).

A week before the conveyance of the house was made Pepys heard a rumour that Lady Castlemaine was 'to go to Barkeshire-house, which is taken for her, and they say a Privy-Seal is passed for £5000 for it'. [45] In fact the conveyance was made for £6000 and a privy seal warrant for £8589 0s. 11d. was passed in 1675 to Viscount Grandison and Edward Villiers, which sum included £1800 for the purchase of the pieces of land which had belonged to the Pulteney estate. [46]

In 1670 Lady Castlemaine was created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27) and henceforth her new title became attached to Berkshire House. The additional land which she had acquired enabled the Duchess to build 'a fair stable' and yard on part of the old highway (page 504) and an ice-house in the north-west corner of her garden (page 534]. She also built an east and a west wing on the old house which was thus provided with a larger forecourt, later known as Cleveland Square. [44] The front of the old house was evidently refaced and perhaps extended at the same time.

The engraving reproduced on Plate 233a shows the south aspect of Cleveland House after 1786–7, when the west wing was destroyed by fire. It shows that the front of the long main range was uniform in its vertical arrangement, with two lofty storeys defined by bandcourses, an attic with long oval windows below the modillioned eaves-cornice, and a steeply pitched roof containing hipped dormers. The horizontal spacing of the windows was curiously irregular, although the scroll-pedimented doorway was reasonably near the middle of the front. The artist has, however, taken the trouble to indicate a slight break in the front, three windows from the east end, and if this means that the east part of the range was an addition, it will be seen that the elevation was originally symmetrical, being eight windows wide with the openings spaced in pairs to flank recessed panels, and a wide pier in the middle of the front. It is worth noting that although the ground-storey windows were set in plain flat-arched openings, those of the second storey were dressed with apron panels and set, with plain tympana, in elliptically arched recesses. Windows treated after this fashion can still be seen at Nos. 52–55 Newington Green, Stoke Newington, houses built in 1658, and formerly existed in the mid seventeenth-century wing of Brooke House, Hackney.

The interior of Cleveland House was furnished in a lavish and splendid manner. Evelyn thought the staircase and gallery 'sumptuous' and the whole house 'noble' but 'too good for that infamous —'. [47] Some of the furniture was imported from the Continent. In 1673 three cases containing candlesticks and fire-irons, transported by the King's yacht, arrived at Cleveland House; eight painted screens and twelve 'fired wiggerd' screens came from Flanders; and a table, stands and a border for a looking-glass were brought from Calais. [48] The Earl of Chesterfield provided the Duchess with a figure for a fountain—'a Cupid kneeling on a rock and shooting from his bow a stream of water up towards heaven'. [49]

The Duchess occupied Cleveland House until 1677. [25] In that year she went to live in France, where she remained until 1684. [37] During her absence the house was let in 1679 and 1680 to the Marquis of Arronches, ambassador of the Prince of Portugal, who equipped it with 'costly furniture', 'rich [Japan] Cabinets', and a billiard-table, and entertained his guests with Portuguese dishes 'hash'd and Condited after their way'. [50]

In 1680 the Duchess and her trustees mortgaged the house for £4240, assigning it to Christopher Cratford, the nominee of the Earl (later the Marquis) of Powis, who had provided the money. [51]

It is not clear whether the Duchess occupied the house on her return to England in 1684, [37] but eventually, in 1688 or 1689, she succeeded in selling it to John Rossington, a speculator. [52]

Rossington first appears in the St. James's area in 1671 when, under the description of John Rossington of St. Martin's in the Fields, gentleman, he took a lease from Ambrose Scudamore of a piece of land on the south side of Pall Mall on which he built several houses. [53] It was probably one of these houses for which he was rated from 1671 to 1673. [25] There are several references to a 'Rossington', who may have been John, in Hooke's Diary during the 1670's, in circumstances suggesting an interest in the rebuilding of the City after the Fire, and John Rossington was also engaged in building ventures near Berkeley House and in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane, in 1685. [54] These were all minor schemes compared with the development of the Cleveland House estate, in which Rossington, described as a 'Master builder', was assisted by his brother Joseph, a bricklayer, [55] a nephew Joseph and, to a lesser degree, by a Robert Rossington, who was probably a lawyer.

His first venture in the area on the west side of St. James's Street seems to have been the laying out of the south side of Park Place on part of the Antelope site, of which he held a lease from either Sir William Pulteney or the Duchess of Cleveland's trustees (see page 542). Rossington had purchased Cleveland House still encumbered by the Powis mortgage, which had become vested in the bankers, Sir Francis Child and John Rogers. In March 1689 the mortgage was further secured by an assignment of the property from the Duchess of Cleveland, her son, the Duke of Grafton, their trustee, Sidney, Lord Godolphin, and John Rossington to Roger Jac(k)son and John Milbourne in trust for Child and Rogers. [56] The northern part of Cleveland House garden was probably excepted from this assignment, and was sold by Rossington in 1690 to the Marquis of Halifax (see page 517).

Rossington had probably also purchased the leases of the six pieces of land, mentioned earlier as being held with Cleveland House. In 1690 the Duke of Grafton, after two earlier unsuccessful attempts, [57] obtained a grant of the freehold of these six pieces from the Crown. [58] The Duke died later that year leaving his son Charles, an infant, as his heir at law, and the young Duke's guardians, Edward, Earl of Lichfield, and Sidney, Lord Godolphin, obtained an Act of Parliament enabling them to sell the six pieces. [59] They were conveyed, with the exception of the site of the Antelope, in 1693 to William Gulston and Aaron Kinton, in trust for Roger Jacson and John Milbourne. [60] Here again, presumably, Jacson and Milbourne were acting as trustees for Sir Francis Child and John Rogers.

On the same day that the conveyance of the five pieces was made all the parties concerned entered into an indenture of defeasance whereby Child, Rogers, Jacson, Milbourne, Gulston and Kinton covenanted on receipt of £11,431 12s. 6d., to be shared amongst them, to convey to John and Joseph Rossington all their interest in the Cleveland House estate. [61] The Rossingtons never did redeem the mortgage. Together with the mortgagees they had sold a second piece of Cleveland House garden in 1691 to the Marquis of Halifax and by 1700 had disposed of the rest of the estate in parcels (see pages 495, 504, 513). Their connexion with the estate did not end here, however, for they took several building leases of individual sites.

Judging from the number of lawsuits in which John Rossington became involved with the workmen engaged by him to develop the sites, he was not an efficient man of business. In 1696 he was said to have 'failed in the world' and Joseph Rossington (presumably his brother) followed him into insolvency. [62] About the year 1700 John Rossington was arrested at the instigation of his creditors and imprisoned. He 'removed himselfe' by habeas corpus to the Fleet and died about 1702, leaving his nephew, Joseph, as heir to his debts. [63] The history of the development of the Cleveland House estate is discussed in detail in the chapters on St. James's Place, Catherine Wheel Yard, Park Place and on pages 495, 504, in this chapter.

Cleveland House itself was hired from John Rossington in 1689 for the entertainment of the Dutch ambassadors [64] and towards the end of the year it was taken by Daniel Finch, second Earl of Nottingham, and Secretary at War, [65] who lived in Cleveland House until 1695. [25] During his occupation the two wings were separated from the main building and converted into separate houses, later numbered in Cleveland Square (see page 495).

Lord Nottingham was succeeded in 1696 by the Earl of Bridgwater, [25] who in 1700 purchased the freehold and the mortgage interest from John and Joseph Rossington, Sir Francis Child and his comortgagees for £5200. [56]

John Egerton, fourth Earl of Bridgwater, Viscount Brackley, and Baron Ellesmere, had succeeded to his father's titles in 1686. He was descended from Thomas Egerton, the brilliant lawyer and statesman, who had held office under Elizabeth I and had been Lord Chancellor from 1603 to 1617. [40]

The fourth Earl's heirs at law continued to own Cleveland House and its successor, Bridgwater House, until 1948. On his death in March 1700/1, Cleveland House passed to his son Scroop, the fifth Earl, who was created Marquis of Brackley and Duke of Bridgwater in 1720. < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27) The Duke occupied the house until 1716 but in 1717 he removed to the larger of the two houses in the former east wing. (Sir] Paul Methuen, diplomatist, lived in Cleveland House from 1717 to 1721, and was succeeded by Charles, Viscount Townshend, statesman, from 1722 to 1730. [11] The Duke of Bridgwater returned to the house in 1736 and lived there until his death in January 1744/5. [66] His son, John, second Duke of Bridgwater, lived only a short time after his father's death and was succeeded in February 1747/8 by his brother Francis. < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27) John's mother, the Duchess of Bridgwater, appears in the ratebooks in 1746 and 1747 but a note in the volume for the latter year records that 'the Dutchess went away' and refused to pay two-thirds of the rates still owing for that year. From then until 1757 the house was let by the third Duke, one of the tenants being his brother-in-law Frederick Calvert, Baron Baltimore, the rake (1754–6]. [65] From 1757 till his death in 1803 the Duke occupied the house himself. [25]

Francis Egerton, third and last Duke of Bridgwater (1736–1803), devoted most of his time and money in early life to the improvement of his estates in Worsley and to the building of the canals from Worsley to Manchester and from Manchester to Liverpool, [37] but in his latter years he turned his attention to collecting pictures and restoring Cleveland House. He purchased the Trumbull collection in 1795 [67] and in the same year bought No. 3 Cleveland Square, originally part of the west wing of Cleveland House, from Lord Berwick, in order to have more room to display his pictures. [68] Between 1795 and 1797, Cleveland House was stripped down to its carcase, the front rebuilt and the interior entirely remodelled (Plate 233b, 233c). The architect employed for the new work was James Lewis, and the cost was £7000. The principal workmen employed by Lewis were Clark and Munn, bricklayers; Robert Wright, carpenter; David Thomas, plasterer; Martha Palmer, smith; Hugh Hunter, mason; J. Bingle and Henry Wood, masons (chimneypieces); and Mathew Bullock, carver. [69]

The Beauties of England and Wales [70] contains a description by the Reverend Joseph Nightingale of Cleveland House as altered and refronted by James Lewis. 'This is a stone building; and is very plain, but withal very chaste in its exterior.' Soane's lecture diagram (Plate 233b) shows quite clearly, however, that the entrance front in Cleveland Square was of yellow brick, dressed rather sparingly with stone. Lewis's design was a 'very chaste' essay in the Grecian style, composed of a central face, three windows wide, flanked by slightly recessed faces of the same width. The chief decorative feature was the Doric tetrastyle portico, like a miniature temple front, forming the porch, its cornice tying in with the plain bandcourse below the secondstorey windows. The window openings were plain but well-proportioned, of moderate height in the ground storey, tall in the second storey, and low oblongs in the attic, all having stone sills and flat gauged-brick arches. The front was finished with a mutuled cornice and plain parapet of stone, the last breaking against the triangular pediment crowning the central face.

Nightingale's account continues: 'The western end faces the Green Park. The drawing and dining room windows project in bows. The house consists of the following rooms: the new-gallery; the drawing-room; the Poussin-room; the passageroom; the dining-room; the anti-room; the oldgallery; the small-room; the cabinet-room; the library-rooms; Lady Stafford's apartments, &c.' All of these rooms are clearly shown on the plan in John Britton's Catalogue Raisonné, [71] where a dark hachuring indicates the walls of the rooms formed by Lewis (Plate 233c).

In 1798 an important addition was made to the Duke's picture collection when he, together with his nephew, Earl Gower, and the Earl of Carlisle, purchased the Orléans collection for £43,000. Michael Bryan acted as agent for the purchase and, after the buyers had made their selection, the residue of the collection was exhibited at Bryan's rooms in Schomberg House, Pall Mall, and at the Lyceum and sold for £41,000. [72]

It was perhaps as a result of this and other purchases made by the Duke that in 1799 James Lewis was required to prepare estimates for adapting existing rooms to make a new picture gallery, [73] but it is not known whether these alterations were carried out.

The Duke of Bridgwater died in 1803, unmarried, and on his death the Dukedom of Bridgwater and the Marquisate of Brackley became extinct. He left his house in Cleveland Row, and his pictures and plate, to his nephew, with remainder to his nephew's second son. < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27]

George Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower, who was the third Duke's nephew, became Marquis of Stafford in 1803, shortly after his uncle's death. < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27] He carried on the third Duke's work of restoration at Cleveland House and had a new gallery built, designed by Charles Heathcote Tatham, to accommodate his own as well as his uncle's pictures. The new gallery was opened to the public in May 1806. [74]

In the plan in Britton's Catalogue Raisonné a light hachuring indicates the walls in Tatham's extension. It also gives a view of the 'new gallery' designed by Tatham, but nothing, unfortunately, of his 'principal staircase', which appears to have been ingeniously arranged and must have had a monumental effect. The engraving of the 'new gallery' (Plate 233d) shows it as an oblong room designed in a simple Roman manner, having at each end a wide apse with its semi-dome coffered in the style of those in the Temple of Venus and Rome. The ceiling was formed with a flat soffit, having two bands of square coffers, surrounding an oblong lantern-light with fully glazed sides and a flat ceiling, probably painted to represent a sky divided into squares by a rope-moulding. In this room can be seen, not only some of the masterpieces in the Stafford collection, but the two great console tables with marble tops supported by clustered dolphins, later to be placed in the saloon of Bridgwater House.

The Marquis also had new stable buildings erected in 1805 [25] on the site of the former east wing of Cleveland House, which had been destroyed by fire in 1786 or 1787. [75] James Lewis had charged the Duke for 'Designs for Building on the vacant ground whatever His Grace pleases', [76] and the Marquis's stables presumably replaced or extended stables designed by Lewis (see page 496).

The Marquis of Stafford was created Duke of Sutherland in 1833 and died shortly afterwards. < a href="#fnn27" name="anchorn27">[27] Cleveland House was inherited by his second son, Francis, who demolished it in 1840 or 1841.

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26. P.R.O., LRRO60/1656; R.B.
27. G.E.C.
28. P.R.O., LRRO60/1656.
29. Ibid., LRRO63/14, pp. 135–7; MPE506.
30. T. Birch, The Court and Times of Charles I, 1848, vol. i, p. 457.
31. Calendar of Papers of Committee for Compounding, vol. iii, p. 1967.
32. A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Thomas Birch, 1742, vol. ii, 1653–4, p. 247.
33. P.R.O., Works 5/6, March 1664/5,'Berksheire House'; Works 5/7, March-May 1665, 'Barkshire House'.
34. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. S. de Beer, 1955, vol. iii, p. 470; The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 19 Nov. 1666; H.M.C., MSS. of A. G. Finch, vol. i, 1913, p. 434.
35. Cal. S.P. Dom. Nov. 1667–Sept. 1668, p. 243.
36. Ibid., Oct. 1668–Dec. 1669, p. 640.
37. D.N.B.
38. T. Carte, The Life of James, Duke of Ormond, 1851 ed., vol. iv, pp. 152–3.
39. P.R.O., C54/4250.
40. G.E.C.; D.N.B.
41. P.R.O., Works 5/3, Dec. 1662, Jan. 1662/3.
42. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 1668–9, passim.
43. Cal. Treasury Books 1678–80, p. 229.
44. P.R.O., LRRO63/14, pp. 135–7.
45. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 8 May 1668.
46. Cal. Treasury Papers 1672–5, p. 864.
47. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. S. de Beer, 1955, vol. iv, p. 190.
48. Cal. Treasury Books 1672–5, pp. 81, 96, 432.
49. G. Steinman Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, 1871, pp. 125–6.
50. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. S. de Beer, 1955, vol. iv, p. 190; P.R.O., C10/509/44.
51. P.R.O., C10/509/44.
52. Cal. Treasury Books 1685–9, p. 2085; ibid., 1702, p. 530.
53. P.R.O., C5/459/8.
54. The Diary of Robert Hooke 1672–1680, ed. H. W. Robinson and W. Adams, 1935, pp. 23, 145, 147; L.C.C.R.O., Westminster Commissioners of Sewers, Orders of Court, vol. 6, pp. 129, 155.
55. P.R.O., C6/307/47.
56. Northamptonshire Record Office, Ellesmere (Brackley) Collection, Box 465.
57. P.R.O., LRRO63/14, pp. 135–7; Cal. Treasury Books 1685–9, p. 2085.
58. P.R.O., LR1/63, part i, f. 54; Northamptonshire Record Office, Grafton (Wakefield) Collection, G.3184.
59. 3 & 4 William and Mary, House of Lords Act No. II; P.C.C., 182 Dyke.
60. P.R.O., C54/4760/33.
61. Ibid., C8/298/16.
62. Ibid., C8/588/78.
63. Ibid., C5/628/62.
64. Cal. Treasury Books 1689–92, pp. 26, 28; ibid., 1702, p. 530.
65. R.B.; G.E.C.; D.N.B.
66. R.B.; G.E.C.
67. The Connoisseur, vol. vi, May 1903, pp. 3–10.
68. R.B.; Northamptonshire Record Office, Ellesmere (Brackley) Collection, Box 1740, parcel 2.
69. Hertfordshire Record Office, A.H. 1732–1766.
70. E. W. Brayley, J. Nightingale and J. N. Brewer, London and Middlesex, vol. iii, part ii, 1815, p. 631.
71. John Britton, Catalogue Raisonné of the Pictures . . . in the Gallery of Cleveland House 1808 (copy in Soane Museum).
72. J. Pye, Patronage of British Art, 1845, p. 278; The Connoisseur, vol. vi, May 1903, pp. 3–10.
73. Hertfordshire Record Office, A.H. 1768, 1770.
74. Britton, op. cit.; The Farington Diary, ed. J. Greig, vol. iii, p. 236.
75. R.B.; Kearsley, Stranger's Guide [N.D.], p. 21.
76. Hertfordshire Record Office, A.H. 1766.