Long Acre

Long-Acre, Drury-lane, is about forty houses on the right hand going from High-street, Bloomsbury; it extends into St. Martin's-lane. It derives its name from being built upon a long narrow piece of ground anciently called the Seven Acres.

Long-Acre, Drury-Lane,—at 40, about that number of doors on the R. from St. Giles's, or about ¼ of a mile on the L. from the New-church in the Strand, it extends to St. Martin's lane, where the numbers begin and end, viz. 1 and 145.

Long Acre, a spacious street largely inhabited by coachmakers,² and running east and west between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane, first known as the Elms, then called Seven Acres. Machyn mentions in his Diary, December 6, 1556, the murder of one Richard Eggylston, in "the Long Acurs, the bak syd of Charyng Crosse." The name was in 1612 specially applied to a certain slip of ground, then first used as a public pathway, as Long Acre.¹ In July 1616 Sir William Slingsby, "understanding that the King is displeased about the direction of a way which has been made by him in Long Acre, proffers entire submission and will cause the way to be altered as his Majesty may direct." Whereupon the King orders that it "be made fit for his passage as speedily as possible."² In 1624 the King orders certain "buildings in Long Acre to be pulled down,"³ so that the name was then fully recognised. Leg Alley, Long Acre, was known in Strype's time as Elmes Street.⁴ Long Acre first occurs in the rate-books of St. Martin's under the year 1627, and in 1656 Howell calls it "a spacious fair street."⁵

Anodur theyff ... dyd kylle Recherd Eggyllston the comtrollers payller and k[illed him in] the Long Acurs; the bak syd Charyng Crosse.—Machyn's Diary, 1556, p. 121 (Camden Society).

Eminent Inhabitants,—Oliver Cromwell, firom 1637 to 1643, on the south side, two doors from Nicholas Stone, the sculptor. He is called Captain Cromwell, and was rated to the poor of St. Martin's at 10s. 10d., then a large sum and a high rate. In 1643 he was rated at 14s.; and in 1644 (when his name is no longer there) half the houses in Covent Garden are described as empty. Nicholas Stone, sculptor, architect and mason. His house—rented from the Crown at £10 a year—must have been a large one, as Vertue mentions that John Stone, the author of Enchiridion, was hidden in it for "above a twelvemonth, without the knowledge of his father."⁶ Another son, Henry, best known as "Old Stone," was described on his monument in St. Martin's Church as "of Long Acre." John Dryden, from 1682 to 1686, in a house on the north side facing Rose Street. He is called in the rate-book John Dreydon, Esq., an unusual distinction, and the sum he paid to the poor varied from 18s. to £1. He is generally said to have lived in Gerard Street, and to have been on his way home to his house in that street when he was cudgelled by Rochester's ruffians in Rose Street, December 18, 1679, but no part of Gerard Street was built at that time. Lumley Court was so called from the Lady Lumley, who was living here in 1660; and Banbury Court from Banbury House, inhabited in 1673 by the Earl of Peterborough.⁷ Simon Gribelin, the engraver, advertised himself, May 1, 1712, as living "at the corner house of Banbury Court, Long Acre." A tavern in this street called the Vine was the favourite resort of Nicholas Rowe. In his lines to that Richard Thornhill who killed Sir Cholmley Bering in a duel in Tothill Fields, he says—

Me, when to town in winter you repair,
Battening in ease you'll find, sleek, fresh, and fair,
Me, who have learn'd from Epicurus' lore
To snatch the blessings of the flying hour.
Whom every Friday at the Vine you'll find
His true disciple, and your faithful friend.

In the Lambeth Manuscripts (No. 1123, vol iii. p. 299), is an anonymous letter addressed to Archbishop Seeker respecting John Brooks, who "sold his chapel in Long Acre" to George Whitefield, and fled to America, where he was soliciting to be made Bishop of Quebec.

April 9, 1784.—The Duchess of Devonshire is indefatigable in her canvas for Fox; she was in the most blackguard houses in Long Acre by eight o'clock this morning. —Lord Cornwallis, vol. i. p. 66.

There was a shoemaker in Long Acre who was in the constant habit of receiving pictures from Wilson for the purpose of exposing them for sale, his shop being furnished with two windows to the street, in one of which were placed the articles of his trade, and in the other very frequently a landscape by Wilson.—Wright's Life of Richard Wilson, R.A., p. 36.

Thomas Stothard, the painter, was born at the Black Horse, Long Acre, an inn kept by his father and much frequented by coachmakers. There is no Black Horse in Long Acre now. No. 89, north side, St. Martin's Music Hall, was built for Mr. John Hullah, 1847–1850, from the designs of Mr. R. Westmacott. It was afterwards converted into the Queen's Theatre; and in 1879, for a short time, into the University Co-operative Stores, now a gymnasium of the Young Men's Christian Association [See Bagnio; Phoenix Alley; Rose Street.]

But the most diverting, and amusing of all, is the Mug House Club in Long Acre; where every Wednesday and Saturday, a mixture of Gentlemen, Lawyers, and Tradesmen, meet in a great Room, and are seldom under a hundred.
   They have a grave old Gentleman, in his own gray Hairs, now within a few months of Ninety years old, who is their President; and sits in an arm'd chair some steps higher than the rest of the company, to keep the whole Room in order. A Harp plays all the time at the lower end of the Room; and every now and then one or other of the Company rises and entertains the rest with a song, and (by the by) some are good Masters. Here is nothing drank but Ale, and every Gentleman hath his separate Mug, which he chalks on the Table where he sits as it is brought in; and every one retires when he pleases, as from a Coffee-house.
   The Room is always so diverted with Songs, and drinking from one Table to another to one another's Healths, that there is no room for Politicks, or anything that can sow'r conversation.
   One must be there by seven to get Room, and after ten the Company are for the most part gone.
   This is a Winter's Amusement, that is agreeable enough to a Stranger for once or twice, and he is well diverted with the different Humours, when the Mugs overflow.—John Macky, A Journey through England, 8vo, 1722, vol. i. p. 289.

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² It was inhabited by coachmakers as early as 1695, in which year "John Sanders of Long Acre, Coachmaker," was fined in the sum of £12 for not serving the office of Overseer.—St Martin's Parish Accounts.

¹ Parton's History of St Giles, p. 166.
² Cal. State Pap., 1611–1618, p. 383.
³ Ibid., p. 668.
⁴ Strype, B. iii. p. 74.
⁵ Londinop., p. 345.
⁶ Walpole's Anecdotes, ed. 1786, vol. ii. p. 51.
⁷ Rate-books of St. Martin's.

Long Acre

The formation of the parish of St. Paul, Covent Garden, in 1645 left a long strip of ground between the northern boundary of that parish and Castle Street, Long Acre, the northern boundary of the parish of St. Martinin-the-Fields; through this strip runs the street called Long Acre. The street takes its name from a field known as Long Acre, which consisted originally of 7 acres and was purchased¹⁵⁸ by Henry VIII, together with Covent Garden adjoining it on the south, from the Abbey of Westminster. It was then held on lease by William Browne. In July, 1547, Long Acre and Covent Garden were granted²⁶ to Edward, Duke of Somerset, the Protector, who, four years later, in December, 1551, was sentenced to death in Westminster Hall. We are told that the people "supposing he had been clerely quitt, when they see the axe of the Tower put downe, made such a shryke and castinge up of caps, that it was heard into the Long Acre beyonde Charinge Crosse."¹⁸⁷

In May, 1552, John, Earl of Bedford, obtained a grant "of the land called le Covent Garden; and the 7 ac. land and pasture called Long Acre abutting on St. Martin's Lane on the west, on Foscue [Drury] Lane on the East, on the Strand on the south, and upon the land called Elmfield pertaining to the Mercers' Company on the north, to hold as of the Manor of East Greenwich."²⁶ Bedford's descendants retained possession of this property almost down to the present day.

Elmfield, to the north of Long Acre, was not bought by Henry VIII, but remained in the possession of the Mercers' Company. In 1614 the Mercers granted a 30 years' lease of it to Thomas, Earl of Exeter, who in the following year sold his lease to Sir William Slingsby. The street called Long Acre was laid out at about this time by Slingsby and the Earl of Bedford, the line of the street following approximately the line of the common boundary of their properties. Thenceforth the term Long Acre was frequently applied to the ground on both sides of the street, and in 1650 when the Mercers' ground was surveyed it was referred to as "Elme Close alias Long Acre," and a certain Captain Disher tried to prove that it was part of the property purchased by Henry VIII.¹⁸⁸

From 1616 onward there were frequent complaints about buildings in Long Acre erected "contrary to the King's Proclamation." In 1630 Francis, Earl of Bedford and Sir Henry Cary (then tenant of Elmfield) replied to a letter ordering them "to cleanse and make passable the way called Long Acre" that their predecessors had granted long leases of their lands adjoining the street "in hope to procure fair and spacious buildings to be there erected," and that if the King would give them leave to build they would "pave and keep it as well as any other street in London."³⁶

Part of Elmfield was granted by Slingsby to the Churchwardens of St. Clement Danes for use as a laystall. In 1636 this laystall was condemned by the Justices of the Peace for Westminster as a "nuisance," but the Churchwardens successfully appealed against this decision by stating that the houses in the neighbourhood had been built since the formation of the laystall and "the building of houses there is a greater nuisance and inconvenience to the public than the placing of the laystall can be."³⁶ Nevertheless by various shifts and expendients building went on. In December, 1637, William Portington, Lieutenant of the Horse for Middlesex, appealed against an order of the Commissioners for Buildings for the demolition of his shed fronting Long Acre. Portington argued that his building was not "a shed" which he defined as "a leaning to something to bear up the roof" whereas "this roof bears itself and at its first erecting as a tenement it was built for one."³⁶ In the same year another petitioner, Thomas Cooke, stated that Long Acre was "almost wholly built."³⁶ The Parliamentary Survey¹⁸⁸ shows that the street was fairly well lined with small houses and shops in 1650. Mercer Street and Cross Lane were also built up, the latter being on the site of what is now Neal Street (formerly King Street). Feather Alley, Knockle Alley and Dirty Lane or Street were also mentioned as turnings out of the north side of Long Acre.

Among the early residents may be mentioned Oliver Cromwell (1637–43), Nicholas Stone, sculptor (1615–45), John Parkinson, botanist (1626–45), and Sir John Temple (1645). John Taylor, the "water-poet." took the Crown Inn in Hanover Court after the fall of Oxford in 1645. Scipio Lesquire, who owned much property in the parish, and after whom Lesquire Street (later Chandos Street) was named, also lived in Long Acre (1627–59), as did Major-General Skippon (1645–49), the Earl of Peterborough (1665–74), John Dryden (1668–86), Lady Mary St. John, mother of Viscount Bolingbroke (1655–92), and Adrian Vandiest, Dutch landscape painter (1698–1704). Thomas Stothard, artist, was born at the Black Horse Inn in 1755.

On the 1875 Ordnance Survey several "coach manufactories" are shown on the north side of the street, and leases of the Mercers' Company show that the connection of this trade with the locality dates back to the late 17th century.

Nos. 16–20.—These premises, which appear to have been built circa 1690, have plain brick fronts of two storeys over shops and with attics (Plate 110). A plain projecting band denotes the second floor level while the windows have their frames flush with the wall face. The shops are of later date. In No. 19 the upper flights of the staircase are original and have spiral balusters, square newel posts and close moulded strings, but the lower flight and the side entrance have been altered. Some of the rooms still retain bolection moulded panelling in two heights with a deep wooden cornice. On the first floor is a mantelpiece with plain stone jambs and a keyed flat arched lintel.

Condition.—Fair.

List of Occupants to 1800.^a No. 16—Edward (Edmond) Vialls (1690–1717), Amos Vialls (1718–42), Vialls Widow (1743), Jas. Cope (1744–47), James Rigby (1747–49), Jeremiah Wills (1749–52), Sunibank Giles (1753–79), John Randall (1780–85), Thos. Cox (1786–89), Barbor and Harvey (1790–97), Jas. Scoles (1797–).

No. 17.—Isaac Deloone (1690–92), Samuel Watson (1693–1712), Wm. Casteele (1713–14), John Bird (1715–23), Edward Middlebrook (1724–25), Joseph Mason (1726), Edward Mason (1727), Thos. Cotterell (1728–50), George Hall (1751–52), John Bedford (1752–57), John Hurst (1758–61), Sarah Hurst (1762), John Reynolds (1762–67), Joseph Carter (1768), Henry Edgecomb (1769–71), Thomas Faucit (1772–73), Thomas Moyston (1774–76), Thomas Wood (1777–78), Evan Powell (1779–80), John Crookham or Cookham (1781–88), Tho. Wooden (1789–91), Tempest Holt (1791–93), Jno. Crockham (1794–96), Hannah Crockham (1797), John Mansfield (1798), Evan Jones (1799–).

No. 18.—John Perismore (1690–1703), Owen Davis (1704–18), Lewis Gyatt (1719–21), James Hurst (1722–25), Samuel Hurst (1726–32), Samuell Steele (1733), Christopher White (1734–55), Henry Todd (1755–67), — Hill (1768), Thos. Dawson (1769–79), John Whitaker (1780–81), Geo. Salt (1782–).

No. 19.—Thos. Burton (1690–1704), Jonathan Farren (1705–16), Wm. West (1717–20), Rich. Messenger (1721–22), John Chiselston (1723–30), Samuel Davison (1731–33), Bartholomew Kilpin (1734–41), Peter Planck (1742–70), Miss Planck (1771–73), Peter Planck & Co. (1774–96), Renigall Briand (1797–98), — Planck (1799–).

No. 20.—Jas. English (1686–96), Edw. Luttrell (1698–99), Charles Pennycock (1700), Augustine Ingeno (1701), Alexander Bracket (1702–03), Richard Yates (1704–27), Yates Widow (1728–30), Thomas Turner (1731), Ric. Hubbard (1731–40), John Gibson (1742–45), Savile (Samuel) Samber (1747–53) (1754–1800 occupied with No. 19).

Conduit Court between Nos. 17 and 18, appears to have taken its name from Leonard Conduit who is rated there in 1689–90. It is described by Strype as "indifferent broad with a free-stone pavement, and passage to Hart Street; a court indifferently well built and inhabited."

No. 17, Long Acre, the Bird in Hand, has been so called for well over 200 years.

Langley Court, a narrow thoroughfare leading out of Long Acre on the southern side between Nos. 34 and 35, has some interesting bay windows. It was known until 1846 as Leg Alley, probably from the house at the corner which in the 18th century had the sign of the Golden Leg. The south side of the court appears to have been erected circa 1759–61, probably by Thomas Prior of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, bricklayer.

No. 53, Long Acre.—This house appears to date from the middle of the 18th century but the interior has been entirely altered.

List of Residents to 1800: Timothy Raikes (1730–32), Ignatius Couran (1734–35), Mary Hancock (1736–40), John Shelton or Sheinton (1741–60), Edward Brain (1761), John Plunkett (1762), Jas. Rowles (1765–75), Henry Frost (1776), John Barber (1777–80), John Windeatt (1781–82), Richard Mortimer (1783–85), Richard Norris (1786), Jas. Carter (1787–92), Harriet Pearce (1793–).

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<sup>a./sup> From the ratebooks.
26. Cal. of Pat. Rolls.
36. Cal. of S.P. Dom.
158. P.R.O., S.C. 12/3/13.
187. Wriothesley's Chronicle, Camden Society.
188. P.R.O., E 317, Middx. 81.</sup>